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学者姓名：方宇
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Abstract ：
Objective: To determine the awareness and attitudes of the Pakistani population regarding physician-pharmaceutical company interactions.Methods: The data were collected from primary health care clinics and pharmacy outlets located within cities of six randomly selected districts of the Punjab Province. Those individuals (age >= 18 years) who have just completed their visit to the physician and well understand Urdu language were approached. Descriptive analysis was performed for all variables by using SPSS (IBM version 26).Results: A total of 3,852 participants fully completed the study out of 4,301 (response rate 89.5%). Of those, 30.9% were female; two-thirds (66.7%) were aware of drug representatives' visits to clinics. The majority were aware of pharmaceutical company material presence (or absence) in the physicians' rooms (56.6%), company items with logos (66.8%), patient education materials (73.4%), and 60.8% thought that receiving gifts from companies was "wrong/unethical" practice for physicians, which was lower in comparison to other professions such as judges to accept gifts from lawyers (65.6%) and professional sports umpires to acknowledge gifts (64.3%). A minority said that they have lower trust on physicians for using drug company notepads or pens (16.7%), going on trips sponsored by the company (16.7%), accepting gifts <15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (26.7%), and accepting gifts >15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (40.0%).Conclusion: Survey participants were well aware of physician-pharmaceutical company interactions. Participants were more knowledgeable regarding the pharmaceutical company presence (or absence) in physicians' offices than about gift-related practices of physicians. Trust on the physician was not affected by small gifts but by the large gifts.
Keyword ：
general public interaction Pakistan pharmaceutical company physician
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| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 12 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa , Liu, Wenchen , Chen, Chen , Bashir, Sadia et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
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The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) poses significant challenges to the control and successful eradication of TB globally. The current retrospective study was designed to evaluate the treatment outcomes and identify the risk factors associated with unsuccessful outcomes among DR TB patients. A total of 277/308 eligible DR TB patients were enrolled for treatment at the programmatic management unit of DR TB at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad between January 2014 and July 2019. Treatment outcomes were defined according to the WHO recommendations. Death, treatment failure, and lost to follow-up (LTFU) were collectively grouped as unsuccessful treatment outcomes, whereas cured and treatment completed were summed up together as successful treatment outcomes. Out of the total 277 patients, 265 (95.67%) were multidrug/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) cases, 8 (2.89%) were isoniazid resistant cases, and 4 (1.44%) were extensively drug-resistant ones. In the current cohort, a total of 177 (63.9%) achieved successful treatment outcomes. Among them, 153 (55.2%) were declared cured and 24 (8.7%) completed their treatment. Of the remaining 100 (36.1%) patients with unsuccessful outcomes, 60 (21.7%) died, 32 (11.5%) were LTFU, and 8 (2.9%) had failed treatment. The proportion of male patients was relatively higher (55.2%), within the age group of 21-40 years (47.3%) and lived in rural areas (66.8%). The multivariate analysis revealed that unsuccessful outcomes had a statistically significant association with being male (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-3.36), being in an age group above 60 years (AOR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.09-10.1), suffering from any comorbidity (AOR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.35-5.38), and the history of use of second-line drugs (AOR; 3.51, 95% CI 1.35-9.12). In conclusion, treatment outcomes among DR TB patients at the study site were poor and did not achieve the treatment success target (>= 75%) set by the World Health Organization.
Keyword ：
antibiotics drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemiology factors treatment success
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 3 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Khan, Amjad , Ahmad, Nafees et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
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Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a growing public health problem. Treatment regimens used against MDR-TB are costly, prolonged, and associated with more side effects as compared with the drug-susceptible tuberculosis. This study was framed to determine the incidence of adverse drug events, risk factors, and their management in MDR-TB patients.Methods: This prospective follow-up cohort study was conducted at the site of programmatic management of drug-resistant TB located at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. All patients, irrespective of their age, gender, and ethnicity, were included in the study. Adverse drug events were observed in patients at different time points during the study. Patients enrolled for the treatment from January 2018 were prospectively followed till December 2020 up to their end treatment outcomes.Results: Out of 126 MDR-TB patients enrolled for treatment, 116 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Most patients (50.9%) were between 18 and 45 years of age. A minimum of one adverse event was experienced by (50.9%) patients. Of all the adverse events, gastrointestinal disorders were more frequent (47.4%), followed by arthralgia (28.4%) and psychiatric disturbance (20.6%). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed a significant association with the incidence of adverse events in patients with age group above 60 years (odds ratio (OR) 4.50; 95% CI 1.05-19.2), active smokers (OR 4.20; 95% CI 1.31-13.4), delayed reporting to the TB center (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.34-12.1), and treatment without bedaquiline regime (OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.23-10.1). Most of the patients (94.6%), counseled by the pharmacist, were found to be satisfied with the information provided and looked for more pharmacist counseling opportunities in the management of MDR-TB.Conclusion: Current findings recommend that ADEs might be well managed by timely identification and reporting. Bedaquiline coupled with other active medications lowered the chance of ADEs in MDR-TB patients. Elderly patients, active smoking behavior, and those who have a delay in the treatment initiation are more prone to ADEs. Clinical pharmacist's contribution to TB control programs may help caregivers and patients concerning the rational use of medication, early detection, and management of ADEs.
Keyword ：
adverse drug event management multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient satisfaction pharmacist
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Rehman, Asim ur. , Chang, Jie et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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Background: Despite cannabis's societal ubiquity, several African states remain traditional prohibitionists. However, cannabis is becoming a more explored frontier from a health, human rights, and monetary perspective. A number of African countries have taken to tailoring their policies to better engage in emerging global dialogs. Nevertheless, the focus is majorly on the crop's financial appeal with less consideration on impacts of policies. This review aimed to specifically focus on the identification of existing or pending policies, indicating national positioning in terms of recreational and medicinal cannabis use and summarizing publications addressing related impacts in Africa.Methods: We systematically searched six academic research databases (including Google Scholar), Google, country specific websites, and websites of relevant organizations. Included publications were in English and published between January 1, 2000, and November 31, 2020 (with exception granted to official legislation not in English and/or published earlier than 2000, but still in effect). Reference lists of included publications were screened for potentially relevant publications. Results were synthesized thematically and descriptively.Results: Cannabis is Africa's most consumed illegal substance, its use entrenched in social, political, historical, economic, and medicinal ties. African users constitute a third of the worldly total and cultivation is a major activity. Policies have led to prison overcrowding, accelerated environmental damage, and sourced regional instability. South Africa, Seychelles, and Ghana have decriminalized personal use with Egypt and Mozambique exploring similar legislation. Eleven countries have existing or pending medicinal cannabis-specific provisions. South Africa and Seychelles stand out as having regulations for patients to access medicinal cannabis. Other countries have made provisions geared toward creating export markets and economic diversification.Conclusion: Cannabis policy is a composite and complex issue. Official stances taken are based on long withstanding narratives and characterized by a range of contributing factors. Policy changes based on modern trends should include larger studies of previous policy impacts and future-oriented analysis of country-level goals incorporated with a greater understanding of public opinion.
Keyword ：
Africa cannabis medicinal cannabis policy recreational cannabis
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| GB/T 7714 | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature [J]. | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) : 239-261 . |
| MLA | Kitchen, Chenai et al. "Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature" . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH 7 . 3 (2022) : 239-261 . |
| APA | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) , 239-261 . |
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BackgroundIn China, the pharmacy departments of most hospitals have changed their main focus from drug procurement and distribution to providing pharmaceutical care services. Various regions of China have successively implemented the pilot Chief Pharmacist System (CPS) to help improve pharmaceutical care services and rational drug use in hospitals. This study was designed to explore the perspectives of pharmacists and government officials on CPS, including the advantages and barriers to the successful implementation of CPS. MethodsA qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews, was conducted from October 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019. The interview data were gathered from 18 pharmacy staff and government representatives working in five distinct regions of China using purposive sampling. A thematic analysis approach and NVivo version 12 Plus was utilized to code and analysis of all interviews. ResultsFive broad themes were identified: the role of the chief pharmacist; their attitudes toward the CPS; the advantages and results of the CPS; the barriers toward CPS; and their suggestions toward CPS. Most of the participants believed that the chief pharmacist played a vital role in a hospital. Under CPS, the hospital pharmacy department pays more attention to prescription review, medication monitoring, and pharmaceutical consultation. However, an insufficient number of pharmacy personnel, unclear authority, and inadequate salaries were the main barriers to the implementation of the CPS. ConclusionThe attitudes of most of the participants were found to be positive toward CPS in China. The CPS can enhance the prestige of the hospital pharmacy department, improve the quality of hospital pharmaceutical care services, and promote rational drug use. Nevertheless, certain barriers highlighted in this study should be addressed promptly.
Keyword ：
chief pharmacist system China health system pharmaceutical service qualitative study
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, Ruomeng , Li, Qian , Hayat, Khezar et al. Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 10 . |
| MLA | Yang, Ruomeng et al. "Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study" . | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH 10 (2022) . |
| APA | Yang, Ruomeng , Li, Qian , Hayat, Khezar , Zhai, Panpan , Liu, Wenchen , Chen, Chen et al. Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study . | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 10 . |
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Abstract ：
The influenza vaccination coverage among children is low in China. We aimed to conduct a nationwide survey to quantify parental preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for influenza vaccination for their children. Parents with children aged six months to 18 years from six provinces in China were investigated by a discrete choice experiment regarding six influenza vaccination attributes. Mixed logit models were used to estimate the relative importance of vaccine attributes and parents' WTP. Interaction analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to explore preference heterogeneity. A total of 1206 parents were included in the analysis. Parents reported vaccine effectiveness as the most important vaccine attribute. The mode of vaccine administration had no significant impact on parents' preferences. Parents aged over 30 years with higher education or income levels were more likely to prefer no influenza vaccination for their children. The largest marginal WTP (CNY 802.57) for vaccination and the largest increase in vaccine uptake (41.85%) occurred with improved vaccine effectiveness from 30% to 80%. Parents from central regions or mid-latitude areas had a relatively lower WTP than those from other regions. No significant difference in the relative importance of vaccine attributes were observed among parents from various regions of China.
Keyword ：
children discrete choice experiment influenza vaccine preference vaccine uptake willingness to pay
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| GB/T 7714 | Jiang, Minghuan , Gong, Yilin , Fang, Yu et al. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (4) . |
| MLA | Jiang, Minghuan et al. "Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 4 (2022) . |
| APA | Jiang, Minghuan , Gong, Yilin , Fang, Yu , Yao, Xuelin , Feng, Liuxin , Zhu, Shan et al. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (4) . |
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This study aimed to examine the current situation of anti-cancer drug shortages in Pakistan, namely its determinants, impacts, adopted mitigation strategies, and proposed solutions. Qualitative semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 pharmacists in oncology hospitals in Pakistan from August to October 2021. Data were collected in person and online, recorded, and subjected to inductive thematic analysis after being transcribed verbatim. Most participants experienced anti-cancer drug shortages that increased during the pandemic. Etoposide, paclitaxel, vincristine, dacarbazine, and methotrexate were frequently short. Important causes included the compromised role of regulatory authorities, lack of local production, and inventory mismanagement. The impacts were delayed/suboptimal treatment and out-of-pocket costs for patients, patients’ prioritization, increased workload, negative work environment, and patients’ trust issues for pharmacists. The participants proposed that a cautious regulator’s role is needed to revise policies for all stakeholders and support all stakeholders financially at their level to increase access to these medicines. Based on the outcomes, it is clear that anti-cancer medicine shortages are a current issue in Pakistan. Governmental authorities need to play a role in revising policies for all levels of the drug supply chain and promoting local production of these drugs. Stakeholders should also collaborate and manage inventory. © 2022 by the authors.
Keyword ：
anti-cancer; chemotherapeutic shortages; essential medicine shortages; medicine shortages; oncology medicine shortages; Pakistan
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| GB/T 7714 | Shukar, S. , Zahoor, F. , Omer, S. et al. Experience of Pharmacists with Anti-Cancer Medicine Shortages in Pakistan: Results of a Qualitative Study [J]. | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 2022 , 19 (23) . |
| MLA | Shukar, S. et al. "Experience of Pharmacists with Anti-Cancer Medicine Shortages in Pakistan: Results of a Qualitative Study" . | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 . 23 (2022) . |
| APA | Shukar, S. , Zahoor, F. , Omer, S. , Awan, S.E. , Yang, C. , Fang, Y. . Experience of Pharmacists with Anti-Cancer Medicine Shortages in Pakistan: Results of a Qualitative Study . | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 2022 , 19 (23) . |
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Objective: Surveying public awareness of antibiotic use and antibiotics can identify factors relevant to the design of effective educational campaigns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant pathogens in the general population in Pakistan.Research Design and Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a 60 itemed structured questionnaire and recruited individuals by convenient sampling from the general population in the four provinces of the country. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the responses and the chi squared statistic was used to assess differences between groups.Results: The response rate was 87.6% (6,684 out of 7,631 individuals). Half of the respondents had received at least one prescription of antibiotics in the 6 months preceding the survey. Knowledge about antibiotic use, (39.8%) individuals scored above the mean (>= 3) showed good knowledge about antibiotic use. Urban residents and male showed significant higher knowledge (p < 0.001) about antibiotic use. Approximately 50% of the respondents correctly answered the question about antibiotic resistance. Of the 3,611 received antibiotics, 855 (23.7%) were indicated for cough, 497 (13.8%) for a sore throat, 335 (9.3%) for ear ache, 665 (18.4%) for a burning sensation during urination, 667 (18.4%) for wounds or soft tissue inflammation. MDR pathogen was perceived as an important topic by (4,010) 60.1% of respondents.Conclusion: Participants were aware of the problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens and understood the responsibility of each individual to avoid the spread of these infectious agents.
Keyword ：
adherence antibiotic use knowledge multi-drug resistant pathogens population-based
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| GB/T 7714 | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Arshad, Hafsa et al. "Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid , Abbas, Huda , Ahmed, Asma Bashir , Gillani, Syed Nouman Hassan et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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Introduction: The biomedical industry has grown significantly both globally and in China; however, there are still challenges. This study aimed at evaluating the biopharmaceutical sector of China, in terms of ability to innovate, current sales volume, investment, and R&D expenditure, as well as providing a case study detailing the progress and challenges of the industry in Shaanxi province. Method: A cross-sectional mixed-method study design was used to generate a comprehensive profile of the nature of biopharmaceutical innovation capacity and development in China by triangulating country-wide survey and interview data from Shaanxi province. Only biopharmaceutical companies that are currently marketing or conducting research and development were eligible for inclusion, and Shaanxi province was selected for conducting the interviews. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed descriptively. Interviews were thematically analyzed by using NVivo version 12. Results: The analysis includes responses from 77 biopharmaceutical enterprises; the majority (36, 46.8%) are in Eastern China, followed by 26 (33.8%) in Central China. In 2018, the total sales of biological products amounted to 26.28 billion yuan, and in 2019, a slight increase was observed (30.34 billion); the amount doubled in 2020 to about 67.91 billion yuan. The top three biopharmaceutical products on sale in 2020 were Camrelizumab (5.14 billion yuan), human albumin (4.56 billion yuan), and human immunoglobulin for injection (3.78 billion yuan). Expenditure on R&D has also increased; it amounted to 1657.7 million yuan in 2018, which more than doubled in 2019 to 3572.1 million yuan and further increased to 5857.7 million yuan in 2020. Nonetheless, the progress is not uniform across all provinces, as shown from the results from Shaanxi province, because of lack of local government policies that will impact on the funding, incentives, and market share that motivate the producers. Conclusion: China’s biopharmaceutical industry has expand significantly. The increase in sales indicates that there is an increase in demand for biologicals; moreover, R&D funding is increasing. These are key indicators that influence innovation and development. However, the sector’s capacity to innovate and develop needs to be improved, particularly in the western region, where research and production are relatively weak. Copyright © 2022 Yang, Kabba, Yao, Yang, Chang, Ji, Jiang, Zhao, Wen and Fang.
Keyword ：
biological medicine; biopharmaceutical; biosimilars; biotechnology; China; innovation
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, R. , Kabba, J.A. , Yao, X. et al. Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study [J]. | Frontiers in Pharmacology , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Yang, R. et al. "Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study" . | Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Yang, R. , Kabba, J.A. , Yao, X. , Yang, C. , Chang, J. , Ji, W. et al. Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study . | Frontiers in Pharmacology , 2022 , 13 . |
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Background The storage of antimicrobials at home is frequently in-practice in various developing countries, resulting an irrational use, antibiotic resistance, and toxicities. This condition may worsen more in conflict zones where health facilities are limited. This study aimed to determine the storage and use of leftover antibiotics among households (HHs) along with knowledge and awareness about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (ABR). Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. Members of HHs were invited to participate in the survey while using a convenient sampling technique. The data were obtained using a validated questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS. Results A total of 96 HHs were randomly selected from two districts (n = 50, n = 46), with most of the participants being men between the ages of 18 and 28 (n = 45, 46.9%) years. The majority of HHs (n = 32, 33.3%) had six to eight total family members, with one to two chronic diseases (n = 63, 65.6%), individual families (n = 60, 62.5%), and with (n = 35, 36.5%) LRTIs (lower respiratory tract infections). The HHs were aware of the word "antibiotic" (n = 59, 61.5%) and gave correct replies to amoxicillin as an antibiotic (n = 42, 43.8%); on the other hand, HHs also thought of paracetamol as an antibiotic (n = 45, 47.9%). They identified the most common brands of antibiotics easily, and a majority of them (n = 69, 71.9%) had never heard of ABR before and had lower levels of awareness. The most stored antibiotic at home (n=38, 39.6%) was azithromycin (J01FA10). In addition, they had multiple needless (1-2, n = 62, 64.6%; 3-4, n = 29, 30.2%) and antibiotics in their houses. Age had a strong association (p = 0.017, H = 12) affected the mean knowledge scores related to antibiotic use. Association of education levels (p = 0.001, H = 52.8) and occupation (p = 0.04, H = 10) with proper antibiotics use were found to be significant. However, family members with more than one chronic illness (p = 0.09, H = 0.8) showed a significant relationship with their awareness of antibiotics. Conclusion Participants generally stored various antibiotics of different classes in their homes. Lack of knowledge related to the appropriate usage of antibiotics, use of leftover antibiotics, and awareness related to ABR were unknown to the participants.
Keyword ：
antibiotic resistance antibiotics storage households Pakistan post-conflict areas
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Faiz Ullah , Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain , Khan, Qasim et al. Assessment of antibiotic storage practices, knowledge, and awareness related to antibiotic uses and antibiotic resistance among household members in post-conflict areas of Pakistan: Bi-central study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE , 2022 , 9 . |
| MLA | Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. "Assessment of antibiotic storage practices, knowledge, and awareness related to antibiotic uses and antibiotic resistance among household members in post-conflict areas of Pakistan: Bi-central study" . | FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE 9 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Faiz Ullah , Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain , Khan, Qasim , Khan, Farman Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Khan, Yusra Habib et al. Assessment of antibiotic storage practices, knowledge, and awareness related to antibiotic uses and antibiotic resistance among household members in post-conflict areas of Pakistan: Bi-central study . | FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE , 2022 , 9 . |
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